نقش تحقیق و توسعه و ظرفیت جذب در بهره وری کل عوامل تولید در کشورهای منتخب در حال توسعه

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار دانشکده اقتصاد و مدیریت دانشگاه ارومیه

2 کارشناسی ارشد رشته اقتصاد ، دانشگاه ارومیه

3 استادیار دانشکده اقتصاد و مدیریت دانشگاه ارومیه

چکیده

هدف این پژوهش بررسی تأثیرات آستانه­ای بالقوه در رابطه میان سرمایه انسانی، تحقیق و توسعه و بهره­وری کل عوامل تولید در منتخبی از کشورهای در حال ­توسعه طی دوره زمانی 2013-1996 بود. برای انجام دادن پژوهش از مدل رگرسیونی انتقال ملایم تابلویی استفاده شد. نتایج مطالعه حاکی از وجود رابطه غیرخطی بین متغیرها بود و یک مدل دو رژیمی با حد آستانه­ای 40/3 پیشنهاد شد. در رژیم اول متغیرهای هزینه­های تحقیق و توسعه، سرمایه انسانی و حکمرانی خوب تأثیر مثبت و معنا­دار و متغیرهای مخارج مصرفی دولت و صادرات فناوری تأثیر منفی و معنا­دار بر بهره­وری کل دارند. در رژیم دوم و با گذار به سطح بالاتر سرمایه انسانی، متغیرهای هزینه­های تحقیق و توسعه، سرمایه انسانی، حکمرانی خوب و مخارج مصرفی دولت تأثیر مثبت و معنا­دار و متغیر صادرات فناوری تأثیر منفی و   معنا­دار بر بهره­وری کل دارند. در واقع، با گذر به سطح بالای شاخص سرمایه انسانی، مخارج مصرفی دولت تغییر علامت داده و از شدت تأثیر منفی متغیر صادرات فناوری کاسته شده، اما میزان تأثیرگذاری متغیرهای هزینه­های تحقیق و توسعه، سرمایه انسانی و حکمرانی خوب افزایش داشته است. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که شاخص سرمایه انسانی بیشترین نقش را در افزایش بهره­وری کل عوامل تولید دارد، لذا، توصیه می­شود که سهم عمده­ای از تولید ملی صرف بهبود شاخص سرمایه انسانی و هزینه­های تحقیق و توسعه شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The role of research and development and absorption capacity in the total factor productivity of selected developing countries

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hassan Heidari 1
  • Parvaneh Farrokhnahad 2
  • Yousef Mohammadzadeh 3

2 MA in Economics, Urmia University

3 Faculty of Economics and Management, Urmia University

چکیده [English]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential threshold effects among human capital, R&D and total factor productivity in selected developing countries over the 1996-2013 periods. In doing so, a panel smooth transition regression model was applied. The results indicated a nonlinear relationship among variables under investigation and propose two regime model and a threshold of 3.40. In the first regime, variables namely costs of research and development, human capital and good governance had significant and positive impact and government consumption expenditures and technology exports had significant and negative impact on total productivity. In the second regime, with transition to a higher level of human capital, the cost of R&D, human capital, good governance and government consumption expenditures had significant and positive effect and export of technology had a significant and negative impact on total factor productivity. In fact, with transmission to the higher level of human capital index, the sign of government consumption expenditures is changed and the negative impact of technology exports has been reduced. However, the impact of costs of research and development, human capital and good governance has been increased. According to the results, human capital index had the most significant role in increasing total factor productivity, so this study suggested spending more share of GDP on R&D and human capital indicators.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Total Factor Productivity
  • Human capital index
  • The cost of research and development
  • Panel smooth transition regression model (PSTR)
1. Abounoori, A., Hante, M., & Ghorbani, J. A. (2011). Investigate the role of knowledge based economy components of total factor productivity. Journal Macroeconomic, (18)16, 52-32 (in Persian).
2. Aghion, P., & Howitt, P. (1992). A model of growth through creative destruction. Econometrica, (60)2, 323-351.
3. Aiyar Shekhar, S., & Feyrer, J. (2002). A contribution to the empirics of total factor productivity. August 12, Dartmouth College Working Paper. 02-09.
4. Anooshe, SH. (2011). The effect of R&D spending on economic growth the separation of investment sectors (case study countries of the Organization of Islamic Conference). Journal of Applied Economics, (70)2, 60-78 (in Persian).
5. Arabmazar, A., & Chalak, F. (2009). The dynamic analysis of the effect of government spending on economic growth in Iran. Economic Research Journal, 91, 219-232 (in Persian).
6. Bagherzade, A. (2012). Analysis of research and development (R & D), human capital and total factor productivity in the industrial sector's production. Journal of Industrial Management Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University in Sanandaj, (70)22, 118-126 (in Persian).
7. Becchetti, L., Bedoya, D. A. L., & Paganetto, L. (1993). ICT investment, productivity and efficiency: Evidence at firm level using a stochastic frontier approach. CEIS Tor Vergata Research Paper Series, (29)10.
8. Colletaz, G., & Hurlin, C. (2006). Threshold effects of the public capital productivity: An international panel smooth transition approach. Working Paper, LEO, University of Orleans.
9. Conte, A., & Vivarelli, M. (2014). Succeeding in innovation: Key insights on the role of R&D and technological acquisition drawn from company data. Empirical Economics, 47(4), 1317-1340.
10. Denison, E. F. (1984). American economic growth. The Brookings Institution, Washington, Dc.
11. Fok, D., Van Dijk, D., & Franses, P. H. (2005). A multi‐level panel STAR model for US manufacturing sectors. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 20(6), 811-827.
12. Fracasso, A., & Wituki, G. V. (2012). International R&D spillovers, absorptive capacity and relative backwardness: A panel smoth transition regression model. International Economic Jornal.
13. Geroski, P. (1994), Market structure, corporate performance and innovative activity. Oxford University, Clarendon Press.
14. Gonzalez, A., Terasvirta, T., & Van, D.D. (2005). Panel smooth transition regression models. SEE/EFI Working Paper Series in Economics and Finance, No. 604.
15. Grossman, G.M., & Helpman, E. (1991). Trade, innovation, and growth. American Economic Review, 80(2), 86-91.
16. Hansen, B. E. (1999). Threshold effects in non- dynamic panels: Estimation, testing and inference. Journal of Econometrics, 39(9), 345-368.
17. Heidari, H., & Sanginabadi, B. (2013). The impact of R&D on economic growth in Iran. Journal Economic Research, 48(2), 1-23 (in Persian).
18. Heidari, H., Alinezhad, R., & Jahangirzade, J. (2014). An investigation of democracy and economic growth nexus: A case study for D-8 countries. Journal the Researcher-economic Development, 15(4), 42-59 (in Persian).
19. Jafarisamimi, A., & Alerasoul, S.M. (2009). R&D and economic growth: New evidence from some developing countries. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3(4), 3464-3469.
20. Jude, E. (2010). Financial development and growth: Panel smooth regression approach. Journal of Economic Development, 35(1), 15-33.
21. Kinoshita, Y. (2000). R&D and technology spillovers via FDI: Innovation and absorptive capacity. CERGE-EI, CEPR and WDI.
22. Komeijani, A., & Memarnezhad, A. (2004). The importance of quality human resources and R&D in economic growth in Iran. Journal Commerce, 1-31 (in Persian).
23. Komeijani, A., & Salatin, P. (2010). The impact of good governance on economic growth in countries of OPEC and OECD. Journal of Economic Modeling, (2), 1-24 (in Persian).
24. Levin, A., Lin, & Chu. (1992). Unit root test in panel data: New results. Discussion Paper, 56-93.
25. Li, H., & Huang, L. (2009). Health, education, and economic growth in China: Empirical findings and implications. China Economic Review, 20(3), 374-387.
26. Liu, T., Chen, C., & Hung, Y. (2013). E-commerce, R&D and productivity: Firm-level evidence from Taiwan. Information Economics and Policy, (25)4, 272-283.
27. Lucas, R. E. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22, 3-42.
28. Mairess, J., & Mohnen, P. (2004). The importance of R&D for innovation: A reassessment using French survey data. Maastricht Economic Research Institute on Innovation and Technology, 30(2-2), 183-197.
29. Malerba, F., Mancusi, M. L., & Montobbio, F. (2007). Innovation, international R&D spillovers and the sectoral heterogeneity of knowledge flows. Università Commerciale Luigi Bocconi.
30. Mohammadzade, P., Akbari, H., Akbari, A., & Atapour, S. (2014). Productivity and economic growth in developing countries elected. Productivity Management, (70)24, 33-15 (in Persian).
31. Nazari, M., & Mobarak, A. (2011). The effect of investment research and development (R&D) in the industry's productivity. Journal Macroeconomics, (70)14, 152-174 (in Persian).
32. Nelsun, R. R., & Philps, E. S. (1996). Investment in humans, technological diffusion, and economic growth. The American Economic Review, 56(1/2), 69-75.
33. Olson, Jr. M., Sarna, N., & Swamy, A. V. (2000). Governance and growth: A simple hypothesis explaining cross-country differences in productivity growth. Public Choice, 102(3-4), 341-364.
34. Olson, M. (1993). Dictatorship, democracy and development. American Political Science Review, 87, 567-576.
35. Pessoa, A. (2010). R&D and economic growth: How strong is the link?. Economics Letters, 107(2), 152-154.
36. Romer, S. (2009). Growth model theory and practice. Willy Press, 19-200.
37. Sadraei-Javaheri, A., & Zabihidan, M.S. (2013). The effect of R&D on firm's performance in manufacturing industries (based on the structure-behavior approach function). Journal of Economic Strategy, 1(3), 93- 118 (in Persian).

38. Schultz, T. W. (1961). Investment in human capital. The American Economic Review, 51(1), 1-17.
39. Shahabadi, A., & Hassan, S. (2012). Resources, technology transfer and economic growth in Iran, Economic Research and Policy, 19 (59), 33 -52 (in Persian).
40. Smith, A. (2005). Wealth of nations. University of Chicago Bookstore.
41. Rong, J., Chen, Y., & Hai, Y. (2015). R&D specialization and manufacturing productivity growth: A cross-country study. Jpan and World Economy, (34)35, 33-43.
42. Salimifar, F., Shabani, M., & Zabihi, A. (2009). The role of human capital in the manufacturing industry in North Khorasan province (with an emphasis on large-scale industry). Knowledge and Development Magazine, (16)26, 64-85 (in Persian).
43. Scherer, F.M. (2005). Edwin Mansfield: An appreciation. The Journal of Technology Transfer, (1-2), 30.
44. Shah Abadi, A., & Havaj, S. (2012). Effect of technology spillover through foreign direct investment and imports on innovation. Rahe Andisheh Economics Research Journal, 1 (4) (in Persian).
45. Shirinbakhsh, Sh., Amini, T., & Harati, J. (2013). The effect of government size (the share of government consumption expenditure and investment of GDP) on human development: using the data pattern panel. Journal of Monetary Economics Finance, (19)3, 131-151 (in Persian).
46. Zachariadis, M. (2002). R&D, innovation and technological progress: A test of the schumpeterian frame work without scale effects. Canadian Journal of Economics, 36(3), 566-586.
47. Zamanian, Gh., Fetroos, M., & Rezayi, A. (2014). Impact of research and development spillovers on the total factor productivity of Iranian manufacturing industries. Journal of the Researcher-economic Development, 7, 92-108 (in Persian).
48. Kendrick, J., & Creamer, D. (1965). Measuring company productivity: A handbook with Case Studies. (89), The National Industry Productivity Board.
49. Van den Bosch, A.J.F., Van Wijk, R., & Volberda, W. H. (2003). Absorptive capacity: Antecedents, models and outcomes. Handbook of Organizational Learning and Knowledge Management, 278-301.
50. Zahra, S.A., & George, G. (2002). Absorptive capacty: A review and reconceptualization, and extersion. Acadeny of Management Review, 27(2), 185203.