آسیب شناسی برنامه زبان انگلیسی برای اهداف دانشگاهی در نظام آموزش عالی ایران از دیدگاه متخصصان: رویکردی داده بنیاد

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
حسین داوری 1
ابوطالب ایرانمهر 2
1 دانشیار گروه زبان انگلیسی دانشگاه دامغان، دامغان، ایران
2 استادیار گروه زبان انگلیسی دانشگاه صنعتی شاهرود، شاهرود، ایران
10.61838/KMAN.IRPHE.30.3.3
چکیده
برنامه «انگلیسی برای اهداف دانشگاهی» و یا به تعبیری رایج­ تر، برنامه «زبان تخصصی» از جمله زیرنظام ­های شاخص آموزشی در نظام آموزش عالی ایران برشمرده می­ شود. این برنامه که عمری حدود چهار دهه را تجربه کرده، بخشی قابل ­توجه از روند آموزش رسمی این زبان را به خود اختصاص داده است. بررسی پژوهش­ های مرتبط با این برنامه در نظام آموزش عالی بیانگر آن است که گرچه از زوایایی و عمدتا از منظر روش و منابع آموزشی نقدهایی به آن وارد شده است، اما کمتر شاهد ارزیابی آسیب ­شناسانه آن از منظری گسترده ­تر بوده ­ایم که این فقدان ضرورت بازنگری آن را دوچندان نموده است. با درک این ضرورت، در پژوهش حاضر و با بهره­ گیری از روش نظریه داده ­بنیاد، دیدگاه‌های یازده نفر از متخصصان صاحب­نظر در حوزه زبان انگلیسی برای اهداف دانشگاهی به شکل کیفی بررسی و تحلیل شده است. یافته­ ها بیانگر آن است که این برنامه در دو ساحت سیاست­گذاری و اجرا با کاستی­ هایی جدی روبرو می ­باشد که حداقل در هفت محور فرعی قابل طبقه ­بندی هستند. به بیانی روشن ­تر، در بعد سیاست­گذاری، سه مولفه ضعف در سیاست ­های بالادستی، کم­ توجهی به اهداف و ماموریت برنامه و بی­ توجهی به جایگاه ذینفعان برنامه و در بعد اجرا، چهار مولفه عدم تعیین شایستگی ­های حرفه ­ای مدرسان، ضعف زبان عمومی دانشجویان، کاستی­ های مشهود در انتخاب مواد و روش های آموزشی و عدم لحاظ نمودن مولفه­ های اجتماعی و فرهنگی قابل طرح می ­باشد. نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش می­ تواند در روند بازنگری این برنامه و اجرای آن به برنامه ­ریزان حوزه آموزش عالی، طراحان برنامه درسی، مدرسان و دیگر ذینفعان یاری رساند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

A critical evaluation of ‘English for academic purposes (EAP)’ program in Iranian higher education from specialists’ perspective: A grounded theory

نویسندگان English

Hossein Davari 1
Abutaleb Iranmehr 2
1 Associate Professor, English Department, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, English Department, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
چکیده English

 
The ‘English for academic purposes’ program, or the so-called ‘specialized English’ program, is one of the key educational sub-systems in Iran's higher education, which has experienced a life of about four decades. Reviewing the related research to this program in the higher education system shows that although it has been evaluated from different angles and mainly from the viewpoint of teaching methods and materials, we have rarely seen its critical evaluation from a broader perspective, understanding such necessity and using grounded theory, the opinions of eleven specialists in the field of English for academic purposes (EAP) have been qualitatively examined and analyzed. The findings indicate that this program is faced with serious shortcomings in two main areas of policymaking and implementation, which were classified into seven sub-areas.The results of this research can help higher education policymakers, curriculum designer, instructors and other stakeholders in the process of revising and implementing this program.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Specialized English
Evaluation
Educational planning
Higher education system
Language planning
Aghagolzadeh, F., & Davari, H. (2017). English Education in Iran: From Ambivalent Policies to Paradoxical Practices. In R. Kirkpatrick (Ed.), English Language Education Policy in the Middle East and North Africa (pp. 47-62). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46778-8_4
Alemi, M. (2016). The role of technical english language on modern engineering education. Majallah-i Amuzih-i Muhandisi-i Iran, 18(69), 1. https://www.proquest.com/openview/98a0ee27c572539e14fc77a83453d4c3/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2031971
Anbarshahi, S., & Shabani Minaabad, M. (2021). Recognizing the ESP Course Challenges to Improve the Quality of ESP Program Counseling students. Preventive Counseling, 2(4), 37-46. https://jpc.uma.ac.ir/article_1597_4e1384152dc72c8621fabb86ee32caae.pdf
Atai, M. R., Babaii, E., & Nili-Ahmadabadi, M. (2018). A critical appraisal of university EAP programs in Iran: Revisiting the status of EAP textbooks and instruction. Journal of Language Horizons, 2(1), 31-52. https://lghor.alzahra.ac.ir/article_3679_bef46da707a3e842178bf4d534e3ae04.pdf
Atai, M. R., Iranmehr, A., & Babaii, E. (2018). A Critical Evaluation of EAP programs in Iran: Document Analysis and Authorities/Policy-makers’ Perspectives. Language Related Research, 8(6), 161-189. http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-9826-en.html
Atai, M. R., Nazari, M., & Hamidi, F. (2022). Novice EAP teacher identity construction: A qualitative study from Iran. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 59, 101162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2022.101162
Atai, M. R., & Shoja, L. (2011). A Triangulated Study of Academic Language Needs of Iranian Students of Computer Engineering: Are the Courses on Track? Relc Journal, 42(3), 305-323. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688211419392
Atai, M. R., & Tahririan, M. H. (2004). Assessment of the status of ESP in the Iranian higher education system. Previous Publications: European Symposia on LSP,
Behboudi, S., Nazaribagha, K., & Farsani, M. A. (2023). Developing a Pluralistic Curriculum Model for ESP in Iran. Language and Translation, 13(2), 139-150. https://journals.iau.ir/article_696899_e8def6e15712c1c4662094f9f8f5b4bb.pdf
Belcher, D. D. (2006). English for Specific Purposes: Teaching to Perceived Needs and Imagined Futures in Worlds of Work, Study, and Everyday Life. Tesol Quarterly, 40(1), 133-156. https://doi.org/10.2307/40264514
Bocanegra-Valle, A. (2010). Evaluating and designing materials for the ESP classroom. In English for professional and academic purposes (pp. 141-167). Brill. https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789042029569/B9789042029569-s011.xml
Bocanegra-Valle, A. (2016). Needs analysis for curriculum design. In The Routledge handbook of English for academic purposes (pp. 560-576). Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315657455-50/needs-analysis-curriculum-design-ana-bocanegra-valle
Dabbagh, A., & Atai, M. R. (2022). Exploring cultural conceptualisations and metacultural competence in local EAP textbooks: A semiotic approach. Journal of Asia TEFL, 19(1), 141-162. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ali-Dabbagh-9/publication/359896655_Exploring_Cultural_Conceptualisations_and_Metacultural_Competence_in_Local_EAP_Textbooks_A_Semiotic_Approach/links/6255798fef013420666d226b/Exploring-Cultural-Conceptualisations-and-Metacultural-Competence-in-Local-EAP-Textbooks-A-Semiotic-Approach.pdf
Davari, H. (2018). Formulating the policy and planning of English language education for academic purposes: a basic prerequisite in the process of internationalization of higher education in Iran Language policy in the Internationalization of Higher Education in Iran. Tehran: Cultural and Social Studies Research Institute,  https://ensani.ir/file/download/article/1614587729-9798-49-1.pdf
Davari, H., & Aghagolzadeh, F. (2021). EAP: A Cultural or an Acultural Profession? A Survey on Teachers’ Perceptions of Culture in EAP Textbooks. In Z. Tajeddin & Z. Abolhassani Chimeh (Eds.).
Ding, A., & Bruce, I. (2017). The English for academic purposes practitioner. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-59737-9
Dudley-Evans, T., & St John, M. J. (1998). Developments in English for specific purposes. Cambridge university press. https://books.google.com/books?hl=fa&lr=&id=FY5ChNRKtxwC&oi=fnd&pg=PR8&dq=Dudley-Evans,+T.,+%26+St+John,+M.+J.+(1998).+Developments+in+English+for+specific+purposes:+A+multi-disciplinary+approach.+Cambridge+university+press.&ots=hhg8qeRk6F&sig=V87ijq4-068JFJhnp2QBCdQ8vZo#v=onepage&q&f=false
Eslami, Z. R. (2010). Teachers' Voice vs. Students' Voice: A Needs Analysis Approach to English for Acadmic Purposes (EAP) in Iran. English Language Teaching, 3(1), 3-11. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v3n1p3
Hayati, A. M. (2008). Teaching English for Special Purposes in Iran:Problems and suggestions. Arts and Humanities in Higher Education, 7(2), 149-164. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474022208088645
Hyland, K. (2014). English for academic purposes. In The Routledge companion to English studies (pp. 392-404). Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315852515-29/english-academic-purposes-ken-hyland
Hyland, K., & Shaw, P. (2016). The Routledge handbook of English for academic purposes (Vol. 20160129). Routledge London. file:///C:/Users/Mehdi/Downloads/10.4324_9781315657455_previewpdf.pdf
Iranmehr, A. (2017). A Critical Evaluation of Iranian EAP Programs from ‘Language-in Education Planning’Perspective. Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=fa&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Iranmehr%2C+A.+%282017%29.+A+Critical+Evaluation+of+Iranian+EAP+Programs+from+Language-in-Education+Policy+and+Planning+Perspective+%5Bunpublished+PhD+dissertation%5D%2C+Kharazmi+University%2C+Tehran%2C+Iran.&btnG=#d=gs_cit&t=1721022198389&u=%2Fscholar%3Fq%3Dinfo%3AIuYOT9QIbEcJ%3Ascholar.google.com%2F%26output%3Dcite%26scirp%3D0%26hl%3Dfa
Iranmehr, A., & Davari, H. (2020). A Functional Analysis of Visual Elements in Educational Books: Their position and changes in English language teaching Textbooks published by SAMT. University Textbooks; Research and Writting, 23(45), 66-94. https://doi.org/10.30487/rwab.2020.96777.1315
Kaivanpanah, S., Alavi, S. M., Bruce, I., & Hejazi, S. Y. (2021). EAP in the expanding circle: Exploring the knowledge base, practices, and challenges of Iranian EAP practitioners. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 50(no), 100971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2021.100971
Kaplan, R. B., & Baldauf, R. B. (1997). Language planning from practice to theory (Vol. 108). Multilingual Matters. https://books.google.com/books?hl=fa&lr=&id=Qx1dhcD3RIgC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=Kaplan,+R.+B.,+%26+Baldauf,+R.+B.+(1997).+Language+planning+from+practice+to+theory+(Vol.+108).+Multilingual+Matters.&ots=CJtGapoEmg&sig=ddEm1jCoJspwS3ipO_w-7795TM0#v=onepage&q&f=false
Khalili, S., & Tahririan, M. H. (2020). Deciphering challenges of teaching English for specific purposes to medical students: Needs, lacks, students' preferences, and efficacy of the courses. Teaching English Language, 14(1), 365-394. https://www.teljournal.org/article_112768_b10cb0bfff7419db6e498146a901175b.pdf
Kiany, G. R., Mirhosseini, S.-A., & Navidinia, H. (2011). Foreign Language Education Policies in Iran: Pivotal Macro Considerations. Journal of English Language Teaching and Learning, 2(222), 49-71. https://elt.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_633_16efa6658f5cb4551ab2fa80ec8161dd.pdf
Kiely, R., & Rea-Dickins, P. (2005). Program evaluation in language education. Springer. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=fa&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Kiely%2C+R.+%26+Rea-Dickins%2C+P.+%282005%29.+Program+Evaluation+in+Language+Education.+Palgrave+Macmillan.+&btnG=
Liyanage, I., & Walker, T. (2014). English for Academic Purposes (EAP) in Asia. Sense Publishers. https://brill.com/display/title/36966
Mostafaei Alaei, M., & Ershadi, A. R. (2016). ESP Program in Iran: A Stakeholder-based Evaluation of the Program’s Goal, Methodology, and Textbook. Issues in Language Teaching, 5(2), 306-279. https://doi.org/10.22054/ilt.2017.8062
Nushi, M., & Momeni, A. (2020). Educational technologies in textbooks: The case of Iranian EAP context. Teaching English with Technology, 20(5), 65-86. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=912727
Ostovar-Namaghi, S. A., Hosseini, S. M., & Iranmehr, A. (2021). EFL Students’ Perspectives on EAP Courses: A Data-Driven Study (Research Paper). Iranian Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 10(4), 104-122. https://journalscmu.sinaweb.net/article_141881_bf4ac250cdb43ae2b0e1d06a5d718506.pdf
Ranjbar, N., & Soodmand Afshar, H. (2021). A Survey of EAP Needs in Iran from the Viewpoints of Teachers and Students (Research Paper). Iranian Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 10(1), 54-74. https://journalscmu.sinaweb.net/article_126475_947fcbabce08f71c649c317da82ecbb7.pdf
Rao, S., & Perry, C. (2003). Convergent interviewing to build a theory in under‐researched areas: principles and an example investigation of Internet usage in inter‐firm relationships. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 6(4), 236-247. https://doi.org/10.1108/13522750310495328
Riege, A. M. (2003). Validity and reliability tests in case study research: a literature review with “hands‐on” applications for each research phase. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 6(2), 75-86. https://doi.org/10.1108/13522750310470055
Roodbari, M., Marzban, A., Talebi, S. H., & Mohseni, A. (2022). Engineering Students' ESP Problems at Islamic Azad Universities in Mazandaran Province. Journal of Language and Translation, 12(3), 101-113. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ahmad-Mohseni-2/publication/369066610_Engineering_Students'_ESP_Problems_at_Islamic_Azad_Universities_in_Mazandaran_Province/links/64084730b1704f343fb26463/Engineering-Students-ESP-Problems-at-Islamic-Azad-Universities-in-Mazandaran-Province.pdf
Saidi, M., & Sayyadi, M. (2020). " Whose court is the ball in?" An Academic Language Needs Analysis of Iranian Students of Physical Education. International Journal of English Language and Translation Studies, 8(1). http://www.eltsjournal.org/archive/value8%20issue1/8-8-1-20.pdf
Soler, J. (2019). Language policy and the internationalization of universities: a focus on Estonian higher education (Vol. 15). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=fa&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Soler%2C+J.+%282019%29.+Language+policy+and+the+internationalization+of+universities%3A+a+focus+on+Estonian+higher+education+%28Vol.+15%29.+Walter+de+Gruyter.&btnG=#d=gs_cit&t=1721023017880&u=%2Fscholar%3Fq%3Dinfo%3A2VkepJA-xBcJ%3Ascholar.google.com%2F%26output%3Dcite%26scirp%3D0%26hl%3Dfa
Soodmand Afshar, H., & Ahmadi, M. (2020). Students’ Needs or Teachers’ Wishes? A Triangulated Survey of Medical EAP in Iranian Context. Iranian Journal of Applied Language Studies, 12(2), 225-260. https://doi.org/10.22111/ijals.2020.5965
Soodmand Afshar, H., & Movassagh, H. (2016). EAP education in Iran: Where does the problem lie? Where are we heading? Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 22, 132-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2016.04.002
Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. M. (1997). Grounded theory in practice. Sage. https://books.google.com/books?hl=fa&lr=&id=TtRMolAapBYC&oi=fnd&pg=PP9&dq=Strauss,+A.,+%26+Corbin,+J.+M.+(1997).+Grounded+theory+in+practice.+SAGE.&ots=DCai7ovHRn&sig=mqZooUf5eGLu1TWKv1CAxd5bi90#v=onepage&q=Strauss%2C%20A.%2C%20%26%20Corbin%2C%20J.%20M.%20(1997).%20Grounded%20theory%20in%20practice.%20SAGE.&f=false
Taherkhani, R. (2018). Investigating the Cognitions and Practices of Iranian Language Teachers’ and Content Teachers’ Materials Preparation in EAP Courses at Medical Sciences Universities: A Nationwide Study. Journal of Foreign Language Research, 8(1), 167-186. https://doi.org/10.22059/jflr.2018.243982.412
Tajeddin, Z., & Abolhassani Chimeh, Z. (2021). Interface between Culture and English for Academic Purposes. Tehran: SAMT Publication.
Tavakoli, M., & Tavakol, M. (2018). Problematizing EAP education in Iran: A critical ethnographic study of educational, political, and sociocultural roots. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 31(no), 28-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2017.12.007
Zand-Moghadam, A., & Khanlarzadeh, N. (2020). Exploring the Construct of Academic Literacy as Perceived by Iranian EAP Teachers (Research Paper). Iranian Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 9(3), 73-90. https://journalscmu.sinaweb.net/article_114741_48df80d0894679e8eb30498954cf0c0e.pdf
 

  • تاریخ دریافت 02 خرداد 1402
  • تاریخ بازنگری 17 مرداد 1402
  • تاریخ پذیرش 24 مرداد 1402
  • تاریخ انتشار 01 مهر 1403