فصلنامه پژوهش و برنامه ریزی در آموزش عالی

بازشناسی مؤلفه‌های استراتژی تخصص گرایی هوشمند دانشگاه‌ها

نویسنده

دانشجوی دکتری اقتصاد و مدیریت مالی آموزش عالی، گروه مدیریت و برنامه‌ریزی آموزشی، دانشگاه تهران، ایران

10.52547/irphe.1401.1.93

چکیده

استراتژی تخصص‌گرایی هوشمند دانشگاه یکی از سیاست‌های اصلی اتحادیه اروپا در سال‌های اخیر برای توسعه عملکرد منطقه‌ای و رشد اقتصادی از طریق نظام‌های دانشگاهی بوده است. با وجود این، تاکنون پژوهشی برای شناسایی مؤلفه‌های این استراتژی انجام نشده ‌است. بنابراین، هدف این پژوهش شناسایی مؤلفه‌های استراتژی تخصص ­گرایی هوشمند دانشگاه‌ها بود. این پژوهش کیفی با استفاده از راهبرد فراترکیب و تحلیل مضمون تدوین شد. در یافته‌ها علاوه بر استخراج مؤلفه‌های پانزده‌گانه، پداگوژی تخصصی (روش‌های آموزشی‌کارآمد و یادگیری محیطی)، پژوهش تخصصی (سیاستگذاری پژوهشی تخصصی، هدفمندسازی پژوهش و شبکه‌سازی پژوهش)، کارآفرینی‌ دانشگاهی (پیوند مستمر دانشگاه با صنعت، نهادسازی کارآفرینی و توسعه ظرفیت‌های همکاری پژوهشی با صنعت)، حکمرانی تخصصی (حکمرانی چندسطحی، حکمرانی تخصصی منطقه‌ای و حکمرانی تخصصی در آموزش‌عالی)، مدیریت عمومی تخصصی (مدیریت کارآمد عمومی و نظارت و ارزیابی اثربخش دولتی)، مدیریت تخصصی آموزش ‌عالی (مدیریت نوین در آموزش­ ‌عالی و اشتغال‌آفرینی دانشگاه)، توسعه منطقه‌ای تخصصی (اکوسیستم نوآوری منطقه‌ای، جمع‌سپاری در تصمیم‌سازی و تصمیم‌گیری منطقه‌ای، کارآفرینی منطقه‌ای و سازگاری منطقه‌ای دانشگاه)، توسعه سرمایه ‌انسانی منابع انسانی (توسعه حرفه‌ای اعضای هیئت‌ علمی، دانشجویان و کارکنان)، فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات (آماری-فنی و نوآوری‌های تکنولوژیکی)، مالیه دانشگاهی (تأمین و تخصیص منابع ‌مالی دانشگاهی، برنامه‌ریزی و مدیریت منابع ‌مالی)، ظرفیت‌سازی سخت (ظرفیت‌سازی سخت عمومی و پژوهشی)، سازوکارهای قانونی (تدوین و بازنگری قوانین)، سازوکارهای تشوقی-حمایتی (توسعه سازوکارهای تشویقی و حمایتی)، توسعه ظرفیت‌های فرهنگی (فرهنگ اجتماعی و دانشگاهی) و فضاسازی رقابتی (رقابت درون و فرای آموزش عالی)، الگوی شماتیک تخصص‌گرایی هوشمند دانشگاه نیز ترسیم شد. در پایان سیاست‌های پیشنهادی برای نظام آموزش‌عالی ایران ارائه شده است.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Identifying the components of universities smart specialization strategy

نویسنده [English]

  • Keykha Ahmad

Doctoral student in Economics and Finance Management of Higher Education, Department of Educational Administration and Planning, Tehran University, Tehran. Iran

چکیده [English]

The strategy for smart specialization university has been one of the main policies of the European Union in recent years to develop regional performance and economic growth through university systems. In spite of this, no research has been done to identify the components of this strategy. Accordingly, this study aimed to identify the components of the smart specialization strategy of higher education institutions. This qualitative research was conducted using the meta-synthesis strategy and content analysis. In the findings, fifteen components were extracted as follows: specialized pedagogy (efficient teaching methods, environmental learning), specialized research (specialized research policy-making, research targeting, research networking), academic entrepreneurship (continuous university-industry link, entrepreneurial institutionalization, and development of research cooperation capacities with the industry and different sectors), specialized governance (multi-level governance, specialized regional governance, specialized governance in higher education), specialized general management (efficient public management, effective government monitoring and evaluation), specialized management of higher education (new management in higher education and university job creation), specialized regional development (regional innovation ecosystem, crowdsourcing decision-making and regional decision-making, regional entrepreneurship, university regional compatibility), human resource capital development (professional development of faculty members, students and staff), information and communication technology (statistical-technical and technological innovations), university finance (the allocation of financial resources, planning and financial resource management), hard capacity building (hard public and research capacity building), legal mechanisms (compilation and revision of laws), incentive-support mechanisms (development of incentive and support mechanisms), development of cultural capacities (social and academic culture) and creating a competitive atmosphere (competition within and beyond higher education). Finally, a schematic model of smart specialization of the university and the proposed policies for Iran's higher education system are presented.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Specialization
  • Smart specialization of university
  • University and environment
  • Smart specialization of higher education
  • Iran
  1. Andersons, A., & Bushati, J. (2019). Smart specialisation concept application in universities: E-business online studies model development. In Proceedings of the 12th International Scientific and Practical Conference. Volume II (Vol. 190, p. 194). [DOI:10.17770/etr2019vol2.4115]
  2. Andersons, A., & Bushati, J. (2019). Smart specialisation concept application in universities: E-business online studies model development. In Proceedings of the 12th International Scientific and Practical Conference. Volume II (Vol. 190, p. 194). [DOI:10.17770/etr2019vol2.4115]
  3. Andersson, R., Quigley, J., & Wilhelmsson, M. (2004) University decentralization as regional policy: The Swedish experiment. Journal of Economic Geography, 4, 371-388. [DOI:10.1093/jnlecg/lbh031]
  4. Andersson, R., Quigley, J., & Wilhelmsson, M. (2004) University decentralization as regional policy: The Swedish experiment. Journal of Economic Geography, 4, 371-388. [DOI:10.1093/jnlecg/lbh031]
  5. Aranguren, M.J., Navarro, M., & Wilson, J.R. (2015). 12 Constructing research and innovation strategies for smart specialisation (RIS3). Strategies for Shaping Territorial Competitiveness, 218.
  6. Aranguren, M.J., Navarro, M., & Wilson, J.R. (2015). 12 Constructing research and innovation strategies for smart specialisation (RIS3). Strategies for Shaping Territorial Competitiveness, 218.
  7. Arregui-Pabollet, E., Edwards, J.H., & Rousseau, J.M. (2018). Higher education for smart specialisation: The case of Centre-Val de Loire, France (No. JRC113844). Joint Research Centre (Seville site).
  8. Arregui-Pabollet, E., Edwards, J.H., & Rousseau, J.M. (2018). Higher education for smart specialisation: The case of Centre-Val de Loire, France (No. JRC113844). Joint Research Centre (Seville site).
  9. Boucher, G., Conway, C., & van der Mer, E. (2003). Tiers of engagement by universities in their region's development. Regional Studies, 37, 887-897. [DOI:10.1080/0034340032000143896]
  10. Boucher, G., Conway, C., & van der Mer, E. (2003). Tiers of engagement by universities in their region's development. Regional Studies, 37, 887-897. [DOI:10.1080/0034340032000143896]
  11. Braunerhjelm, P. (2008). Specialization of regions and universities: The new versus the old. Industry and Innovation, 15(3), 253-275. [DOI:10.1080/13662710802040853]
  12. Braunerhjelm, P. (2008). Specialization of regions and universities: The new versus the old. Industry and Innovation, 15(3), 253-275. [DOI:10.1080/13662710802040853]
  13. Calvo, N., Rodeiro-Pazos, D., Rodríguez-Gulías, M.J., & Fernández-López, S. (2019). What knowledge management approach do entrepreneurial universities need?. Information Systems, 85, 21-29. [DOI:10.1016/j.is.2019.06.002]
  14. Calvo, N., Rodeiro-Pazos, D., Rodríguez-Gulías, M.J., & Fernández-López, S. (2019). What knowledge management approach do entrepreneurial universities need?. Information Systems, 85, 21-29. [DOI:10.1016/j.is.2019.06.002]
  15. Etzkowitz, H., Webster, A., Gebhardt, C., & Terra, B.R.C. (2000). The future of the university and the university of the future: Evolution of ivory tower to entrepreneurial paradigm. Research Policy, 29(2), 313-330. [DOI:10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00069-4]
  16. Etzkowitz, H., Webster, A., Gebhardt, C., & Terra, B.R.C. (2000). The future of the university and the university of the future: Evolution of ivory tower to entrepreneurial paradigm. Research Policy, 29(2), 313-330. [DOI:10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00069-4]
  17. Entezari, Y. (2005) Innovative economy: A new model for science, technology and innovation analysis and p olicy making. Quarterly Journal of Research and Planning in Higher Education, 11 (1), 219-255 [in Persian].
  18. Entezari, Y. (2005) Innovative economy: A new model for science, technology and innovation analysis and p olicy making. Quarterly Journal of Research and Planning in Higher Education, 11 (1), 219-255 [in Persian].
  19. European Commission (2010). Europe 2020. A strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth, Brussels, 3.
  20. European Commission (2010). Europe 2020. A strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth, Brussels, 3.
  21. Finfgeld, D.L. (2003). Metasynthesis: The state of the art-so far. Qualitative Health Research, 13(7), 893-904. [DOI:10.1177/1049732303253462]
  22. Finfgeld, D.L. (2003). Metasynthesis: The state of the art-so far. Qualitative Health Research, 13(7), 893-904. [DOI:10.1177/1049732303253462]
  23. Foray, D., David, P.A., & Hall, B. (2009). Smart specialisation-the concept. Knowledge Economists Policy Brief, 9(85), 100.
  24. Foray, D., David, P.A., & Hall, B. (2009). Smart specialisation-the concept. Knowledge Economists Policy Brief, 9(85), 100.
  25. Gianelle, C. (2012). Research and innovation strategies for smart specialisation factsheet. (No. JRC78104). Institute for Prospective and Technological Studies, Joint Research Centre. Seville, Spain.
  26. Gianelle, C. (2012). Research and innovation strategies for smart specialisation factsheet. (No. JRC78104). Institute for Prospective and Technological Studies, Joint Research Centre. Seville, Spain.
  27. Goddard, J., Kempton, L., & Vallance, P. (2013). Universities and smart specialisation: Challenges, tensions and opportunities for the innovation strategies of European regions. Ekonomiaz, 83, 83-102.
  28. Goddard, J., Kempton, L., & Vallance, P. (2013). Universities and smart specialisation: Challenges, tensions and opportunities for the innovation strategies of European regions. Ekonomiaz, 83, 83-102.
  29. Hazell, L., Lawrence, H., & Friedrich-Nel, H. (2020). Simulation based learning to facilitate clinical readiness in diagnostic radiography. A meta-synthesis. Radiography. [DOI:10.1016/j.radi.2020.03.006]
  30. Hazell, L., Lawrence, H., & Friedrich-Nel, H. (2020). Simulation based learning to facilitate clinical readiness in diagnostic radiography. A meta-synthesis. Radiography. [DOI:10.1016/j.radi.2020.03.006]
  31. Huggins, R., & Strakova, L. (2012). Knowledge-based economic development in emerging regions: Policy issues and implications in the Balkan Peninsula. Regional Studies, 46(7), 961-975. [DOI:10.1080/00343404.2011.583912]
  32. Huggins, R., & Strakova, L. (2012). Knowledge-based economic development in emerging regions: Policy issues and implications in the Balkan Peninsula. Regional Studies, 46(7), 961-975. [DOI:10.1080/00343404.2011.583912]
  33. Ivashchenko, A.I. (2019). Enabling universities to be involved into smart specialisation strategies: Case of Catalonia hicher education.
  34. Ivashchenko, A.I. (2019). Enabling universities to be involved into smart specialisation strategies: Case of Catalonia hicher education.
  35. Kangas, R., & Aarrevaara, T. (2020). Higher education institutions as knowledge brokers in smart specialisation. Sustainability, 12(7), 3044. [DOI:10.3390/su12073044]
  36. Kangas, R., & Aarrevaara, T. (2020). Higher education institutions as knowledge brokers in smart specialisation. Sustainability, 12(7), 3044. [DOI:10.3390/su12073044]
  37. Kardas, M., Mieszkowski, K., & Edwards, J. H. (2020). Higher education for smart specialisation in Lubelskie, Poland (No. JRC120453). Joint Research Centre (Seville site).
  38. Kardas, M., Mieszkowski, K., & Edwards, J. H. (2020). Higher education for smart specialisation in Lubelskie, Poland (No. JRC120453). Joint Research Centre (Seville site).
  39. Kempton, L. (2015). Delivering smart specialization in peripheral regions: the role of Universities. Regional Studies. Regional Science, 2(1), 489-496. [DOI:10.1080/21681376.2015.1085329]
  40. Kempton, L. (2015). Delivering smart specialization in peripheral regions: the role of Universities. Regional Studies. Regional Science, 2(1), 489-496. [DOI:10.1080/21681376.2015.1085329]
  41. Kempton, L., Goddard, J., Edwards, J., Hegyi, F.B., & Elena-Pérez, S. (2013). Universities and smart specialisation (No. JRC85508). Institute for Prospective and Technological Studies, Joint Research Centre.
  42. Kempton, L., Goddard, J., Edwards, J., Hegyi, F.B., & Elena-Pérez, S. (2013). Universities and smart specialisation (No. JRC85508). Institute for Prospective and Technological Studies, Joint Research Centre.
  43. Leydesdorff, L. (2012). The Triple Helix, quadruple helix, . . ., and an N-tuple of helices: Explanatory models for analyzing the knowledge-based economy? Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 3(1), 25-35 [DOI:10.1007/s13132-011-0049-4]
  44. Leydesdorff, L. (2012). The Triple Helix, quadruple helix, . . ., and an N-tuple of helices: Explanatory models for analyzing the knowledge-based economy? Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 3(1), 25-35 [DOI:10.1007/s13132-011-0049-4]
  45. Leydesdorff, L., & Etzkowitz, H. (2001). The transformation of university-industry-government relations. Electronic Journal of Sociology, 5(4).
  46. Leydesdorff, L., & Etzkowitz, H. (2001). The transformation of university-industry-government relations. Electronic Journal of Sociology, 5(4).
  47. Machnik-Słomka, J. (2018). Creativity as a factor supporting development of smart specialisation at the stage of university education. Organizacja i Zarządzanie: Kwartalnik Naukowy. [DOI:10.29119/1899-6116.2018.41.6]
  48. Machnik-Słomka, J. (2018). Creativity as a factor supporting development of smart specialisation at the stage of university education. Organizacja i Zarządzanie: Kwartalnik Naukowy. [DOI:10.29119/1899-6116.2018.41.6]
  49. Marinelli, E., Edwards, J., & Mironov, C. (2017). Higher education for smart specialisation: The case of North East Romania (No. JRC107475). Joint Research Centre (Seville site).
  50. Marinelli, E., Edwards, J., & Mironov, C. (2017). Higher education for smart specialisation: The case of North East Romania (No. JRC107475). Joint Research Centre (Seville site).
  51. Markkula, M., & Kune, H. (2015). Making smart regions smarter: Smart specialization and the role of universities in regional innovation ecosystems. Technology Innovation Management Review, 5(10). [DOI:10.22215/timreview/932]
  52. Markkula, M., & Kune, H. (2015). Making smart regions smarter: Smart specialization and the role of universities in regional innovation ecosystems. Technology Innovation Management Review, 5(10). [DOI:10.22215/timreview/932]
  53. Marques, P., & Morgan, K. (2018). The heroic assumptions of smart specialisation: A sympathetic critique of regional innovation policy. In New avenues for regional innovation systems-theoretical advances, empirical cases and policy lessons (pp. 275-293). Springer, Cham. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-71661-9_14]
  54. Marques, P., & Morgan, K. (2018). The heroic assumptions of smart specialisation: A sympathetic critique of regional innovation policy. In New avenues for regional innovation systems-theoretical advances, empirical cases and policy lessons (pp. 275-293). Springer, Cham. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-71661-9_14]
  55. McCann, P., & Ortega-Argilés, R. (2011). Smart specialisation, regional growth and applications to EU cohesion policy. Economic geography working paper 2011: Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen.
  56. McCann, P., & Ortega-Argilés, R. (2011). Smart specialisation, regional growth and applications to EU cohesion policy. Economic geography working paper 2011: Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen.
  57. McCann, P., & Ortega-Argilés, R. (2016). Smart specialisation, entrepreneurship and SMEs: Issues and challenges for a results-oriented EU regional policy. Small Business Economics, 46(4), 537-552. [DOI:10.1007/s11187-016-9707-z]
  58. McCann, P., & Ortega-Argilés, R. (2016). Smart specialisation, entrepreneurship and SMEs: Issues and challenges for a results-oriented EU regional policy. Small Business Economics, 46(4), 537-552. [DOI:10.1007/s11187-016-9707-z]
  59. Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D.G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. Annals of Internal Medicine, 151(4), 264-269. [DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135]
  60. Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D.G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. Annals of Internal Medicine, 151(4), 264-269. [DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135]
  61. Molas-Gallart, J., Salter, A., Patel, P., Scott, A., & Duran, X. (2002). Measuring third stream activities: Final report of the Russell group of universities. SPRU Science and Technology Policy Research Unity, University of Sussex.
  62. Molas-Gallart, J., Salter, A., Patel, P., Scott, A., & Duran, X. (2002). Measuring third stream activities: Final report of the Russell group of universities. SPRU Science and Technology Policy Research Unity, University of Sussex.
  63. Olshanska, I. (2016). University-industry collaboration in terms of smart specialisation concept (Doctoral dissertation), Tartu Ülikool.
  64. Olshanska, I. (2016). University-industry collaboration in terms of smart specialisation concept (Doctoral dissertation), Tartu Ülikool.
  65. Phan, P., & Siegel, D.S. (2006). The effectiveness of university technology transfer. Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, 2, 77-144. [DOI:10.1561/0300000006]
  66. Phan, P., & Siegel, D.S. (2006). The effectiveness of university technology transfer. Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, 2, 77-144. [DOI:10.1561/0300000006]
  67. Riege, A.M. (2003). Validity and reliability tests in case study research: A literature review with "hands‐on" applications for each research phase. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal. [DOI:10.1108/13522750310470055]
  68. Riege, A.M. (2003). Validity and reliability tests in case study research: A literature review with "hands‐on" applications for each research phase. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal. [DOI:10.1108/13522750310470055]
  69. Rinaldi, C., Cavicchi, A., Spigarelli, F., Lacchè, L., & Rubens, A. (2018). Universities and smart specialisation strategy. International journal of Sustainability in Higher Education. [DOI:10.1108/IJSHE-04-2016-0070]
  70. Rinaldi, C., Cavicchi, A., Spigarelli, F., Lacchè, L., & Rubens, A. (2018). Universities and smart specialisation strategy. International journal of Sustainability in Higher Education. [DOI:10.1108/IJSHE-04-2016-0070]
  71. Romanowska, E., Firgolska, A., & Hrudeń, J. (2014). Strategia inteligentnej specjalizacji w kontekście wybranych regionów Polski. Przedsiębiorstwo we współczesnej gospodarce-teoria i praktyka, (2), 55-78.
  72. Romanowska, E., Firgolska, A., & Hrudeń, J. (2014). Strategia inteligentnej specjalizacji w kontekście wybranych regionów Polski. Przedsiębiorstwo we współczesnej gospodarce-teoria i praktyka, (2), 55-78.
  73. Squicciarini, M.P., & Voigtländer, N. (2015). Human capital and industrialization: Evidence from the age of enlightenment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130(4), 1825-1883. [DOI:10.1093/qje/qjv025]
  74. Squicciarini, M.P., & Voigtländer, N. (2015). Human capital and industrialization: Evidence from the age of enlightenment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130(4), 1825-1883. [DOI:10.1093/qje/qjv025]
  75. Sun, X., Li, H., & Ghosal, V. (2020). Firm-level human capital and innovation: Evidence from China. China Economic Review, 59, 101388. [DOI:10.1016/j.chieco.2019.101388]
  76. Sun, X., Li, H., & Ghosal, V. (2020). Firm-level human capital and innovation: Evidence from China. China Economic Review, 59, 101388. [DOI:10.1016/j.chieco.2019.101388]
  77. Szücs, S., & Zaring, O. (2014). Innovation governance nexuses: Mapping local governments' university-industry relations and specialization in high technology in Sweden. European Planning Studies, 22(9), 1769-1782. [DOI:10.1080/09654313.2013.801401]
  78. Szücs, S., & Zaring, O. (2014). Innovation governance nexuses: Mapping local governments' university-industry relations and specialization in high technology in Sweden. European Planning Studies, 22(9), 1769-1782. [DOI:10.1080/09654313.2013.801401]
  79. Tiits, M., Kalvet, T., & Mürk, I. (2014). Reform of higher educational systems in CEECs and the effectiveness of its link with R&D policy with the view to Smart Specialisation. Growth-Innovation-Competitiveness: Fostering Cohesion in Central and Eastern Europe (GRINCOH) Working Paper series, paper, (4.10).
  80. Tiits, M., Kalvet, T., & Mürk, I. (2014). Reform of higher educational systems in CEECs and the effectiveness of its link with R&D policy with the view to Smart Specialisation. Growth-Innovation-Competitiveness: Fostering Cohesion in Central and Eastern Europe (GRINCOH) Working Paper series, paper, (4.10).
  81. Trencher, G.P., Yarime, M., & Kharrazi, A. (2013). Co-creating sustainability: Cross-sector university collaborations for driving sustainable urban transformations. Journal of Cleaner Production, 50, 40-55. [DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.11.047]
  82. Trencher, G.P., Yarime, M., & Kharrazi, A. (2013). Co-creating sustainability: Cross-sector university collaborations for driving sustainable urban transformations. Journal of Cleaner Production, 50, 40-55. [DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.11.047]
  83. Trencher, G., Yarime, M., McCormick, K.B., Doll, C.N., & Kraines, S.B. (2014). Beyond the third mission: Exploring the emerging university function of co-creation for sustainability. Science and Public Policy, 41(2), 151-179. [DOI:10.1093/scipol/sct044]
  84. Trencher, G., Yarime, M., McCormick, K.B., Doll, C.N., & Kraines, S.B. (2014). Beyond the third mission: Exploring the emerging university function of co-creation for sustainability. Science and Public Policy, 41(2), 151-179. [DOI:10.1093/scipol/sct044]
  85. Vallance, P., Blažek, J., Edwards, J., & Květoň, V. (2018). Smart specialisation in regions with less-developed research and innovation systems: A changing role for universities?. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 36(2), 219-238. [DOI:10.1177/2399654417705137]
  86. Vallance, P., Blažek, J., Edwards, J., & Květoň, V. (2018). Smart specialisation in regions with less-developed research and innovation systems: A changing role for universities?. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 36(2), 219-238. [DOI:10.1177/2399654417705137]
  87. Van Winden, B.W., & de Carvalho, L. (2015). Triple Helix (3H): Where are Europes cities standing?. Urbact II Capitalisation.
  88. Van Winden, B.W., & de Carvalho, L. (2015). Triple Helix (3H): Where are Europes cities standing?. Urbact II Capitalisation.
  89. Yim, D.S., & Kim, W.D. (2005). The evolutionary responses of Korean government research institutes in a changing national innovation system. Science, Technology and Society, 10(1), 31-55. [DOI:10.1177/097172180401000103]
  90. Yim, D.S., & Kim, W.D. (2005). The evolutionary responses of Korean government research institutes in a changing national innovation system. Science, Technology and Society, 10(1), 31-55. [DOI:10.1177/097172180401000103]
  91. Zamani Miandashti, M. (2018). Introduction of regional innovation system. Science and Technology Policy, 8(2) [in Persian].
  92. Zamani Miandashti, M. (2018). Introduction of regional innovation system. Science and Technology Policy, 8(2) [in Persian].
فصلنامه پژوهش و برنامه ریزی در آموزش عالی
دوره 28، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 103
خرداد 1401
صفحه 93-130